YRCC

Abstract: The letterpress has discussed on the characters，functions and issues of river according to system engineering, water circulation, society-economy, ecology, culture and disaster. It brings the forward accidence of cognitions on the life and its characters of river.

71% of the surface of the earth is made of water. Water is the source of all of life in our earth. No water is no life. Water is also the nature resource that cannot be substituted and maintains all life activity. There are three kinds of basic shapes that are called gas, solid and liquid. Water is distributed every where in the nature. Table 1 is the distributing instance of water in all kinds of mediums in our earth. Through the table we can make out that the general storage capacity of the earth is about 13.86 hundred million cube km, but it is not quite well-proportioned. In theory, freshwater can be opened out and used is less than 1 percent of the general storage capacity of the earth. Actually, that the capacity of freshwater can be made use of by human is far under this theoretic value, and human can abroad and immediately make use of water resource that is mostly the freshwater of rivers and their drainage basins.

water	reserves		Salt water		Fresh water
water	10³ km³	%	10³ km³	%	10³ km³	%
sea	1338000.0	96.54	1338000	99.04
Glacier and forever snow	24064.1	1.74			24064.1	68.70
groundwater	23400.0	1.69	12780	0.95	10530.0	30.06
forever freeze	300.0	0.02				0.86
lake	176.4	0.013	85.4	0.006		0.26
soil	16.5	0.001				0.017
atmosphere	12.9	0.0009				0.037
swamp	11.5	0.0008				0.033
river	2.12	0.0002				0.006
biology	1.12	0.0001				0.003
Sum total	1385984.6	100	1350955.4	100	35029.2	100

Data source: China’s big cyclopedia, water conservancy, Beijing, publishing company of China’s big cyclopedia.

River is the flowing water that comes from falling and effusing the surface of globosity, and gradually marshals under gravitation. That the forever movement of water and sand, the forever diversification of riverbed, indicates river is a dynamic and complex system that is provided with exoteric and feedback adjusts mechanism in nature environment. Crude water and sand endues with the impulsion of the life of river. By all means of being restricted in conditions, the reciprocity of water and sand of river comes into being the unique topography and physiognomy of river. The river system affects and restricts with its circumstance one another, so it has commonly these characters: congregate, relativity, objective, arrangement and adaptability of circumstance.

In the long and long course of development of river, there is a relation of influence and restrictor within runoff，sediment，riverside，river-shape physiognomy and so on. When the river system has been seasoned with the transport of water and sand, the condition of elements of riverbed conformation one another, brings steadier whole domino effect, and comports steadier river type and the rule of evolvement.

When the exterior surroundings are changed, it will break the intrinsic fit relation of river and surrounds. The river system of erosion and sediment has an adjective mechanism of feedback itself, so it can change itself to fit outside environment through all kinds of adjustment of feedback. After river system has a departure from balance state, the subsystems will no longer fit each other in, which independence will stand out relatively. Among the subsystem will no longer cooperate with other one, so there will be an out-of-order muddleheaded state inside general system. After this, the river system will give an architectonic phenomenon by itself, which try hard to renew the balance of transport of water and silt, and maintain its livingness through keeping harmonious relation with outer environment. When the relationship of all kinds of subsystems restricts enough their independence, and appearing the phenomenon of cooperation one another, whole domino effect will make the system produce new matter and make its functions fit the request of environmental import gradually. Then the system will change without order into more steady new state.

The liquid and solid state of sea，lake，river，swamp，groundwater，glacier and so on, make up of the hydrosphere of earth. Under solar irradiation, in term of its special rule of circulation and regeneration, it is in an uninterrupted circular movement. The water of sea and land is vaporized to become cloud, along with the movement of air current the cloud will be came into rainfall, the collection of rainwater will be formed a lot of rivulets, the collection of rivulets will be formed a great river, the water of rivers will be gone back to sea.

The circulation of water in the earth is dealt with the course of movement and change of water of ground，underground，sea and atmosphere. Through the course of evaporation, water is came into atmosphere, and through the course of precipitation, water is came back the mat-surface of earth. What the water has to be circled continuously within the mat-surface of earth and atmosphere, can maintain the humid degree of mat-surface and the containing water of atmosphere. In the course of movement and change, river plays a most important role.

The water of river is in movement continuously, and has an obvious circular phenomenon. The natural time of renovation and circulation for different freshwater and seawater is unequal. Some has a longer time, and some has a shorter one. Table2 is the renovating time of all kinds of freshwater. The time of river is average 16 days.

water		Renovating period(year)	water	Renovating period(year)
forever snow		9700	swamp	5
Sea		2500	soil	1
groundwater		1400	river	16day
Lake		17	atmosphere	8day
	Data source: UNEP1993, Freshwater Pollution, world environment.

The status of river is the “weatherglass” of containing water of atmosphere and humid degree of mat surface within its drainage basin. Research indicates, if there is not the course of precipitation in standing 10 days in earth, but there is always a course of evaporation, then the containing moisture of atmosphere will be increased 1 times. Contrarily, there is a course of evaporation in standing 10 days, but there is not a course of precipitation, then there will not the containing moisture of atmosphere at all. Therefore the “moisten” of river kisses good-bye to its basin, which the quantity of evaporation will become very big, and translating soon into the shape of desert.

River is a channel which drainage basin gets continuously in touch with sea, and has on its shoulders of the importance function of adjusting precipitation and drainage. If all of the land of earth turns into smoothness, there is not the channel of river, all of world will be under water. It is said that river is just the ideal channel which human is endowed with settling flooding problem within a long period of time of evolvement of earth. By river, exceeding precipitation can be marshaled together and gave into the sea which is a big reservoir in the time of floodwater.

River is the important medium of formed rushing and accumulating plain. One of the most important functions is just that soil or rock and so on is eroded，carried or aggraded. The function of sediment controlled the forming and development of river system.

Not only the water circulation of river affects the biology of earth, but also it is affected by the biology of earth, which is the most importance for bringing， evolving and existing of life.

From of old two banks of river is just the place of multiplying and living of human. According to the relation of river and society-economy development, it can set off four kinds of patterns that the evolvement of using manners of river resource, which can be called original，development，increase or harmony.

（1）the pattern of original is the spontaneity of using of human for river resource. In the early part of human society, river resource was controlled basically by nature. Humankind was also controlled basically by nature, the needs of their living depended mostly on the bestowing of nature, but took the needs of their living passively and of being spontaneous, and after taking was selective gently. Under the thing the using of river resource was spontaneity and passive.

（2）the pattern of development was come forth gently when society ran to the natural or half of economic agricultural one. In that time, human had realized the hypostasis of river resource all to nothing, and improved greatly using ability.

（3）Clear symbol for the pattern of increase is the industrial revolution. For meeting the developmental requirement of industrialization，population and economy, with being representations such as reservoir，waterpower and so on, so using of river resource is increased. This kind of pattern has driven society and economy developing quickly, but brought the pollution of river and destroying of zoology, threatened more and more serious for the realistic existing and developing of human.

（4）The pattern of harmony aims at the minus side of infection for the pattern of increase, strives to improve the relation of society-economy development and river-resource using, changing quick worsening into corresponding development, changing serious opposition into respecting each other and standing using.

River is an integrated continuum-body, which upper-lower reaches and left-right side banks make up of an integrated system. The connectivity and width of river make up of the important structural character of river ecosystem. River zoology functions includes: habitat，filtration，shield，channel，fountain-converge and so on.

Not only river makes that our mother earth is full of vital force, but also it has formed a sort of lucky relationship with human living and even history of culture. Making a comprehensive survey of the headstream of world culture: ancient civilization of Egypt was gestated by the Nile River, rise and fall of Babylon was influenced clearly by the Euphrates River, in china the profound civilization of central Plains and varied civilization of chu were gestated by the Yellow River and Yangtze River. River has influenced the production of civilization, and burst out thousands of varied artistic gloss within the developing course of culture.

River brings us advantages of manufacture and living, also brings us balefulness. Along with the development of society-economy, in face of issues for river are more extruding, which represent mostly four sides.

（1）The lack water and even break stream of river is severity. China is port of lack-water country. Especially, it is under the standard of extremity of lack-water of world in the north and the port of west. The rate of using is exceeded international guarding line（30%） by a lot of rivers. The rates of using of surface water for the Liao River，the Huai River and the Yellow River are separately 62%，60% and 56%，and the Hai River is nearly 90%.The water for zoology is a great deal grabbed, and the capability of environment has become very small.

（2）Water flooding or logging disasters hang over badly. From BC 206 to AD 1949， there were large floods of 1092 times together in China, average 1 time biennially. At present, it is distributed over the area of flood disasters threatening badly that 40% of population，35% of plantation，60% of overall production value of industry and agriculture and more than 100 cities in China. In 1998, the flood in the Yangtze River basin made of tremendous damage.

（3）Rivers are polluted seriously. In 2003 year, there was 38.1% of sections satisfying the request for Ⅰ～Ⅲ kinds of water quality, 32.2% of sections being port of Ⅳ，Ⅴkinds of water quality, 29.7% of sections being port of lower Ⅴkind of water quality within 407 pieces of keystone survey sections of 7 great rivers in China. In 2003，it was 460.0 hundred million ton that let gross of waster water of industry and living, increasing 4.7% than 2004. The harms of river pollution is mostly that restricting economy development， blocking the continuance of development, threatening the Life and health of man, destroying zoology and environment. Because its incidence is bigger, and the period of time is longer, the lack of water resource is sharpened.

（4）The zoology of river is unbalance. The chief character of unbalance of river zoology is just that river is broken off. Because water resource of some rivers is used over the limit, the rivers can’t bear deadweight. The rates of water resource for the Huai River and the Liao River have exceeded 60% of all. Exceeding the 90% of all for the Hai River, that has made for the phases of “all of rivers are dried up, and all of water is polluted” within the Hai River basin. Rivers are separated into parts by dams in some places, so the natural hydrologic properties of these rivers are changed by man-made, and the ability of clean-self of rivers is lost. In the season of low water, there is a storeroom of backwater, which pollution is serious. In the season of high water, discharge is concentrative, which makes easily for pollutions.

8，The forward accidence of cognitions on the life and its characters of river

Upwards, this article has given the definition of “river is the flowing water that comes from falling and effusing the surface of globosity, and gradually marshals under gravitation”.There out known that three factors of forming a river are coming water, fall and flowing water body. The article has discussed on the characters，functions and issues of river according to system engineering, water circulation, society-economy, ecology, culture and disaster. It brings the following cognitions：

The coming water of river relates to the course of moisture circulation in the earth which energy comes from the sun. River is a channel of adjusting precipitation and drainage of the earth within a long period of time of evolvement of earth. It is One of the most important reasons that formed rushing and accumulating plain and the fall of land with sea, which soil or rock and so on is eroded，carried or aggraded by rivers. It is one of the most important functions for river that maintaining the containing water of atmosphere and humid degree of mat surface. The renovating period of river is average 16 days. River is the most importance for bringing， evolving and existing of life. River is a dynamic and complex system that is provided with exoteric and feedback adjusts mechanism in nature environment. The river system affects and restricts with its circumstance one another. The connectivity and width of river make up of the important structural character of river ecosystem. River has influenced not only the substance but spirit living of human also. In the different phase of human society-economy development, there is a different degree of river using. Without being good for control or adjustment strongly, for the future it will be sharpened increasingly that the contradiction of the immense requirement of society-economy development with the efficient supply of river resource. As a result of human demanding blindly for river, and being short of necessary safeguard, the river issues have been stood out in China.

On these grounds this text thinks that river is a sort of state of water existing and has her life herself, then gives its definition of “river’s all of active ability”. It is the most essential character that is just participating in the moisture circle of earth, adjusting precipitation and drainage of the earth through metabolism, and exchanging matter with ambience continually. It appears in many ways, such as river is a dynamic and complex system that is provided with exoteric and feedback adjusts mechanism in nature environment, the river way has a definite of coming water, soil or rock and so on is eroded，carried or aggraded by rivers, the reciprocity of stream and sediment with soil or rock etc forms the particular topography and physiognomy of river by a definite of restricting conditions, river affects and restricts with its circumstance one another, and so on. The importance of life of river appears in a good many ways, such as affecting all of lives for bringing， evolving and existing in the earth, maintaining the containing water of atmosphere and humid degree of mat surface of earth, keeping in touch tightly with environment system, influencing both the substance and spirit living of human, etc.

It is a subject forever that dealing with the relation of human with nature and human with society. The dissimilarity of recognizant degree and to deal with in the manner for tow kinds of relation, decides the degree of human civilized development and the height of human practicing level. Early in the end of 18th century, British scholar Thomas Robert Malthus published “Essay on Population” which had an important meaning for human understanding self. He thought that the most problem of human facing would be “the press of population will exceed always the ability of the earth fending human”. However “inescapable famine of wide scope” of him predicting has not been happened since that. The reason was mostly in which that the level of science and technology of human was improved extremely, but it is undoubted that there is a limit for carrying capacity of the earth. The problem of population press has been settled temporarily by science and technology developed, but the environment of earth has been destroyed making make badly. Limited river resource decided that it will be sharpened increasingly that the contradiction of the immense requirement of society-economy development with the efficient supply of river resource. Stateside futurologist Simon put forward the viewpoint of “the resource for human is not dead-end” in his book “Aftermost Resource”. Water, this kind of matter which is made from by both hydrogen and oxygen, by dint of science and technology developing, composing and industrialization technology could be mastered by human as soon as possible, then “inescapable water-shortage of wide scope” could be shaken off. But according to the status of science and technology developing at present, it will be realized hardly in the faraway future.

The Third Plenary Session of the 16th of the Communist Party of China of Central Committee put forward that building up complete，harmonious and continual development-view. The Ministry of Water Resources put forward the water-control way of continual development. Coming down in one with upwards, the Yellow River Conservancy Commission (YRCC) took the lead in putting forward the idea of “sustaining a healthy life of the Yellow River basins”. This idea is attracted abroad attention and responded actively by all societal circles. “Sustaining a healthy life of river basins” is turning into the thinking and struggling for aim of all of river operators together in China. Analyzing reasons: first, the idea of “sustaining a healthy life of the Yellow River basins” is one time of recognizant flight in the history of Yellow River control because it incarnated the times request of science-development view, and summarized the experiences of carrying out in the long period of time of the Yellow River control and using, especially thought deeply river facing issues. Second, it opened out a sort of new relation of both main body and object for the Yellow River, which is that human enjoys great benefit which the Yellow River brings human existing and society-economy developing, at the same time human must take the duty and obligation of safeguarding and cherishing the River. Third, it has found out right ways which will settle the contradiction of the immense requirement of society-economy development with the efficient supply of river resource, and brought forward the material， bright and new object of the Yellow River control, then called on the operators of the Yellow River control and using make an effort to change themselves into “the mouthpieces of river”. This is a kind of new idea which river is regarded as a man, and the Yellow River control and using must be led to “Sustaining a healthy life of river basins” he new bourn which is the harmonious development of human with river.

Therefore ，it is a kind of new cognition for the relation of human with nature and human with river that the essence of scientific idea of “Sustaining a healthy life of river basins”. As a result of the relation of human with rive has not been understood really, the health rebirth and continuance development of river resource have been brought a huge negative infection by man-made. The important meaning of researching the life of river is that both “Sustaining a healthy life of river basins” and measurable and necessary society-economy development is going to be won.